MAX22191 with Periodic Signals

Introduction 
This blog provides measurement information on the maximum input frequency of the Analog Devices digital input device MAX22191. Measurements were taken for the periodic signal types square, sine and sawtooth.

Functional Block Diagram of MAX22191 (Courtesy Analog Devices)

Device Behaviour with Steady State Signals

A small test board was designed for testing the MAX22191.

Circuit for MAX22191 Test Board

The circuit for the MAX22191 followed the datasheet example, consisting of a protection diode (TVS) on the input and an LED on the output. The test board was configured so that the MAX22191 was powered from an external supply.

MAX22191 Development Board

With the MAX22191 powered, the input voltage to the MAX22191 was adjusted to verify the board functionality. The supply (DC 5 V) and input voltages for MAX22191 were controlled using two supplies on a Rigol DP832 power supply.

MAX22191 Setup for Input Voltage Level Tests

Measurements with the test board showed that the upper input threshold voltage (ON) was approximately DC 9.5 V and the lower threshold voltage (OFF) was DC 7.9 V, giving a hysteresis of DC 1.6 V. These values are similar to the device datasheet values for the maximum input upper threshold voltage (ON) of DC 10 V and the lower threshold voltage (OFF) of DC 7 V.

Device Behaviour with Periodic Signals
The output of a function generator Rigol DG1022 was connected to the input of the MAX22191 to test the maximum operating frequency. For the periodic signals, the duty cycle was set and then the frequency of the function generator varied. This process was repeated for three duty cycles. The test board was powered with DC 5 V.

MAX22191 Setup for Periodic Signal Tests

The function generator output was set to High Impedance (High Z). An oscilloscope was connected to the input and output of the test board to capture the waveforms. The images in this section show the input waveform as the yellow trace and the output waveform as the blue trace.

Tests - Square
A square wave with a 10 V amplitude (loaded) was driven into the device.

MAX22191 Output Capture for Square Input Signal

For the three duty cycle settings the frequency of the function generator was increased until the output LED controlled by the MAX22191 switched OFF. The maximum frequency was measured when the output voltage from the MAX22191 dropped below 2.0 V. This was an arbitrary TTL limit for comparative purposes only.

For a 20 % duty, the LED switched OFF at 34 kHz however the output signal fell below the threshold at approximately 30 kHz.

MAX22191 Output Capture for Square Input Signal 20 % Duty

For a 50 % duty, the LED switched OFF at 180 kHz and the output signal fell below the threshold at the same frequency.

For an 80 % duty, the LED switched OFF at 260 kHz and output signals fell below the threshold at approximately 230 kHz. Some unexpected waveform behaviour was seen. This did not occur at lower frequencies such as 150 kHz. This could be an artefact of the test setup.

MAX22191 Output Capture for Square Input Signal 80 % Duty

 

Test - Sine
The LED switched OFF at 123 kHz and the output signal fell below the threshold at approximately 125 kHz.

MAX22191 Output Capture for Sine Input Signal 50 % Duty

 

Tests – Sawtooth
For a 20 % symmetry setting, the LED switched OFF at 34 kHz and the output signal fell below the threshold at the same frequency.

MAX22191 Output Capture for Sawtooth Input Signal 20 % Duty

For a 50 % symmetry, the LED was still active at 120 kHz (function generator limit) and the output waveform was still measurable.

For an 80 % symmetry, the LED was still active at 150 kHz (function generator limit) and the output waveform was still measurable.

MAX22191 Output Capture for Sawtooth Input Signal 80 % Duty

Detection Levels
The periodic signals were captured as shown in the images below to aid in visualising the voltage detection thresholds for the MAX22191.

MAX22191 Input Output Levels Compared to Output for Square Input Signal

MAX22191 Input Output Levels Compared to Output for Sine Input Signal

MAX22191 Input Output Levels Compared to Output for Sawtooth Input Signal

Arduino Uno R4 Wifi Flash Reprogramming

Introduction 
This short post covers the reprogramming process on the Arduino Uno R4 WiFi (Arduino R4) firmware. The information in this post supplements the content available from the Arduino website with a few additional images. This post is targeted at installations using Windows machines.

The discussions in the Arduino forums for the detection and programming issues on the Arduino R4 can be viewed here.

Reason for Reprogramming the Arduino R4
During software development, a debug message in the Arduino IDE stated that a firmware update was available for the Arduino R4 WiFi. Using the steps below, the module type detected by the Arduino IDE was changed from an Arduino R4 to a WiFiduinoV2 following a firmware update. Reprogramming the Arduino R4 resulted in incorrect operation.

Steps Resulting in Incorrect Firmware Programming
To begin, the computer running the Arduino IDE was connected to the Arduino R4. The Firmware Updater was selected from the Tools menu in the IDE.

Arduino IDE Displaying Correct Board Type

The Arduino R4 was recognised in the IDE as the correct board.

Arduino IDE Firmware Updater

The firmware update process was initiated in the IDE by clicking the Install button.

Arduino IDE Firmware Selection

Firmware version 0.4.1 update on the Arduino R4.

Arduino IDE Firmware Update of Arduino R4

After updating the Arduino R4 firmware, the IDE recognised the R4 as a WiFiduinoV2. This behaviour has been noted in Arduino forums.

Arduino IDE Detecting Different Board

When attempting to build using the WiFiduino2 this results in various compiler issues. The firmware needed reversion.

Arduino IDE Error with Incorrect Board Type

Attempting to repeat the flash process for the Arduino R4 firmware not possible as the board was not recognised as the correct type.

Arduino R4 not Recognised After Flash Update

Using the ESP32 Flash Tool to Restore the Firmware
Fortunately, the Arduino website provides the firmware and tools to reprogram the ESP32 on the Arduino R4 board to restore the type. Some details are contained on the ESP32 Upload page and the main details are available on an associated page here.

Capture from Arduino Website

The Arduino website describes the steps required to reprogram the Arduino R4 flash which, begins with removing the USB (power).
A jumper was fitted to the 3x2 header on the Arduino R4 board.

Arduino R4 WiFi Header with Jumper Fitted

With the Arduino R4 board reconnected to the computer, the batch file for reprogramming was downloaded from the Arduino website here. When executing the batch file, there was an issue detecting the Arduino R4 board and the batch file operation was terminated.

The ESPflash tool was initiated from the command line following the settings shown on the Arduino website. The results of executing the ESPflash tool are listed below.

C:\********\unor4wifi-update-windows\unor4wifi-update-windows\bin>espflashwrite-bin -b 115200 0x0 
C:\********\unor4wifi-update-windows\unor4wifi-update-windows\firmware\UNOR4-WIFI-S3-0.4.1.bin
[2024-06-01T07:32:00Z INFO ] 🚀 A new version of espflash is available: v3.1.0
[2024-06-01T07:32:00Z INFO ] Serial port: 'COM8'
[2024-06-01T07:32:00Z INFO ] Connecting...
[2024-06-01T07:32:00Z INFO ] Using flash stub
Chip type:         esp32s3 (revision v0.2)
Crystal frequency: 40MHz
Flash size:        8MB
Features:         WiFi, BLE
MAC address:   <hidden>
[00:00:17] [========================================]    877/877     0x0 
C:\********\unor4wifi-update-windows\unor4wifi-update-windows\bin>

Closing the command line and opening the Arduino IDE, confirmed that the Arduino R4 board type was restored correctly. This process mentioned in this post was repeated numerous times during testing without any issues.

If the jumper was left in the Arduino R4 and restarted, the board type is detected as a Deneyap Kart G in the IDE.

Arduino IDE Detecting Deneyap Kart G Board

PCB Artwork - Model Rocket

Introduction 
In this blog the circuit board tool, Altium Designer, was used to create circuit board artwork in the form of a model rocket keyring. The recent prototype of the Wi-Fi rocket launcher post inspired this blog.

Model Rocket Keyring

PCB Artwork
To start the project, a black-and-white image of the rocket keyring was downloaded from a suitable website. An image called SpaceShipOne was downloaded from CleanPNG (all credits).

Scaled Rocket Image (Courtesy CleanPNG)

The original image was scaled by 25% before importing into Altium. Shown below is the result of the import. As can be seen by the imported image, the image did not produce solid lines which was required for the keyring.

Imported Rocket Image

Rather than manipulating the PNG file for an improved import result within Altium, the outline of the imported PNG was drawn over with circuit board tracks (traces). For simple shapes such as the rocket, using Altium is relatively easy however many other packages could be used to achieve the same drawing.

Drafting Rocket Primitives

The image below shows the imported image and the hand-drawn image side by side. Minor changes can be noticed on the rocket fins compared to the original image.

Comparison of Hand Drawn and Imported Rocket Designs

One item not included in the circuit board file was the board outline. This is commonly added on a mechanical layer but this was not added to the design. It has been noted that many other free software tools are being used to create circuit board artwork. Therefore, with the alternative software in mind, the board manufacturer was asked to add a circuit board outline.

Manufacturing
For the circuit board manufacturing, the company JLCPCB was used. JLC included a board outline 0.1 mm from the circuit board trace. The final product is shown below.

Model Rocket Keyring

Download
For anyone interested in producing a keyring, the Gerber file pack is available below. A board outline should be spaced at least 0.1 mm from the outermost circuit board traces.

Rocket Keyring Gerbers

TDR Pulse Generator

Introduction 
In this blog, a pulse generator with a rise time less than 900 ps was created for educational and illustrative purposes. The design incorporates two options for Cypress PSoC microcontroller devices that produce a pulse that drives an LVC series logic chip. The engineering pack is provided at the end of this post for the board and the project for one of the Cypress PSoC devices.

Pulse Generator PCB

 

Another Pulse Generator Idea
Available online are schematics and content relating to easy-to-build fast-rising edge generators including a novel battery and oscilloscope solution from Hackaday, a Schmidt trigger design from w2aew, the well-known Jim Williams transistor design or Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) product that doesn't require an oscilloscope.

This design is similar to pulse generators that use hardware for pulse generation and separate hardware such as a driver to produce a fast edge rate. The fast edge rate in this design is derived from a common gate, part 74LVC04. Faster edge rates are possible using alternative driver components such as high-speed comparators or fast push-pull drivers.

Circuit Board Design
The pulse is initiated from a Cypress PSoC. Alternatively, other microcontroller types or discrete hardware could produce the pulsing signal. The pulsing output of the microcontroller drives one gate of the six gates available in the 74LVC04. The first logic gate output subsequently drives the five remaining gate inputs. All five outputs of the logic gates are connected to individual 249 R resistors. Finally, all resistors are tried together to provide a 49.8 R output impedance and parallel operation.

Buffered Output for Pulse Generator

Two types of Cypress microcontrollers were designed onto the board, a CY8C4245AXI-483 and a CY8C4245PVI-DS402. These parts were chosen because they were available as excess stock from local suppliers. At the time of writing this post, however, the buy price for a CY8C4245AXI-483 had risen above USD 5.

2D Circuit Board of Pulse Generator

Two versions of the pulse generator board were drafted to experiment with faster rise time. The first design did not contain a top power plane, via stitching or impedance-controlled traces. Applying those changes to the circuit board, in revision 1 of the board the output rise time was improved by 30 ps.

Revisions of Pulse Generator Circuit Board

Microcontroller Code Design
For testing, the initial code design only required a pulsing output. The pulsing can be achieved using several solutions however after referencing the Infineon website, one of the quickest methods of toggling an output pin on a Cypress 4000 microcontroller is a direct write to the port. The ON duration of the pulse is not critical, albeit it depends on the hardware output driver capabilities.

Programming the PSoC device was performed with the MiniProg 3, using PSoC Creator 4.4 and a connection to the 5-pin header on the pulse generator circuit board.

An extract of the code used in the PSoC Generator pulse generator is shown below.

#include "project.h"

int main(void)
{   
CyGlobalIntEnable;
    for(;;)
     {
        Port0_0_DR |= 0x01;
        Port0_0_DR &= ~0x01;
    }
}

Testing the Board
Signal measurements were performed on a Keysight oscilloscope with a 20 GSa/s resolution. The first image below was taken from the board without circuit board improvements and the second image from the board with the changes.

Output Waveform from Pulse Tester Rev 0

Output Waveform from Pulse Tester Rev1

Rising edge measurements were also performed with the oscilloscope configured for 10% to 90% points.

Output Waveform Rise Time from Pulse Tester Rev0

Output Waveform Rise Time from Pulse Tester Rev1

The second board shows an indicative marginal improvement in rising time however this could be attributable to the component tolerances.

Reflectometry Testing
One of the uses for the fast-rising edge is for reflectometry. Some examples of reflectometry are cable length or circuit board trace impedance measurement. As a test for reflectometry, the pulse generator was connected through a BNC Tee adaptor to an oscilloscope with a short unterminated BNC cable. The image below shows the test setup.

Pulse Tester as TDR Test Setup

From the oscilloscope, the reflected pulse is captured as displayed below.

TDR Capture from Oscilloscope

For verifying the cable length, the period between the initial and reflected pulses was measured on the oscilloscope. This time measurement was required to calculate the cable length. Calculations in this blog. A velocity factor of 81% was used for the 3D-FB coax. Using a period of 8.92 ns from the oscilloscope, the cable length was calculated at 108 cm. The result is similar to the actual coax cable length of 102 cm which excludes the BNC connector and other periphery.

Engineering Files
For anyone wanting to create a similar device the PSoC project, Schematic, Gerber and BOM files (CY8C4245AXI-483) are available for download using the links below.

Pulse Generator PSoC Project

Pulse Generator Schematic Rev1

Pulse Generator Gerber Rev1

Pulse Generator Bill of Materials Rev1

Model Rocket Launcher WiFi ESP8266 Part 3

Introduction 
This blog continues from Part 2 of the ‘Wi-Fi-controlled rocket launcher’. In this blog, the software changes to suit the ESP8266 are mentioned. Additionally, a mechanical 'proof of concept' for the rocket launcher is shown using a 3D-printed case.

Bench Test of Rocket Launcher

Code Change Summary
In the earlier version of the model rocket launcher design, a PSoC microcontroller with Bluetooth was selected for communications. When moving to the ESP8266, the Bluetooth communications interface was changed to a Wi-Fi interface. Using a Wi-Fi interface simplified the design when compared to developing in Android Studio.

To support a broader audience using the ESP8266, it was decided to perform software development using the Arduino platform.

/** *****************************************************************************
* @file   main.c
* @version 1.0b
* @date 10/02/2024
* @brief 
* 01/03/2023  Moved code from original PSoC version into Arduino
* 13/01/2024  Changed code operation, updated launch state machine
* 24/01/2024  Client connection issues noted during testing
* 10/02/2024  Code cleanup. Changed deprecated server.available() to server.accept()
****************************************************************************** */

#if !defined(ESP8266)
  #error For ESP8266. Check
      Tools->Board setting
#endif

/*_TIMERINTERRUPT_LOGLEVEL_ from 0 to 4 */
#define TIMER_INTERRUPT_DEBUG         1
#define _TIMERINTERRUPT_LOGLEVEL_     1
#define ENABLE_DEBUG_PRINTS           true
	

Most parts of the original code from the PSoC, including the launcher state machine, were either updated or rewritten. Code changes were needed for the ESP and targeted toward proper encapsulation.

ITimer.attachInterruptInterval(TIMER_INTERVAL_MS * 1000,TimerHandler);  /* 10 ms system timer */
      

Snippets and libraries from the Arduino community were included in the new launcher code. Specifically, credit goes to Khoi Hoang for Timer Interrupt examples and Martyn Currey for ESP Wi-Fi implementation.

How Software Was Developed
The code was developed using the Arduino IDE. Initial testing for the ESP code was performed using a Windows laptop for the Wi-Fi connection primarily to test the webpage interface. Testing subsequently progress to  an Android phone.

Shown in the image below is the first rocket launcher web page. Additional information such as battery voltage and launch state may be included on the web page in later updates.

Rocket Launcher Webpage

 

Launcher Case
After reviewing the previous enclosure and cost, it was decided to design a 3D-printable enclosure to house a small lead acid battery and a control board. The lead acid battery is only temporary and will be changed to an 18650-cell(s) capable of a high-discharge current.

For the 3D-printed case, two mechanical parts were drafted in Fusion 360. These parts comprised of a base and a lid as pictured below.

Rocket Launcher Case (Fusion 360)

 

Launcher Hardware Assembly
With the ESP code allowing the desired launch operation, the circuit board, wiring and battery were assembled and added to the 3D-printed case.

Rocket Launcher Test Assembly

During the assembly, it was noted that the pluggable circuit board headers, although simple to install and use, were expensive and consumed space. On the subsequent revision of the board, as displayed below, the pluggable headers were replaced with through-hole solder pads that suit a larger gauge wire.

Updated Launcher Board

Additionally, the toggle switch used for controlling the power was salvaged from another project. There are no manufacturer markings on the switch to generate a Bill of Materials. More clearance was added around the toggle switch body to suit other types of toggle switches such as the model shown below.

Standard Toggle Switch

Complete Test Assembly
For a bench test, a lamp was used as the igniter as pictured below. A short video of the operational launcher is exampled in the video.

The next post will feature the updated launcher circuit board and field testing.

PCB Artwork - Coffee Cup Coaster

Introduction 

In a previous blog, the circuit board drafting tool Altium Designer was used to create circuit board (PCB) artwork. In this blog, a coffee cup coaster was created using the same technique.

Coffee Cup Holder Front and Back

Removing Colour and Changing the File Format

To begin, select the desired clipart image from your preferred site, such as the image used in this post - a coffee cup. All credit to the original designer and provider of the coffee cup.

Coffee Cup Clipart (Credit Clip Library)

Import the image into an editing tool such as GIMP, Photoshop, or a free online editor. Remove any colour from the image (black and white) to prepare it for use on the PCB. Increase the thickness of the image as needed to ensure ease of production.
After the image editing is complete, save the updated image in a PNG format. This format allows for easy copying and pasting into Altium Designer.

Creating the PCB

To begin creating the PCB artwork for our coffee cup coaster, a circular arc (mechanical layer 1) with an 80 mm diameter to the PCB. This arc defined the board shape and should be larger than the image. An 80 mm diameter suits cups, a 100 mm to 120 mm diameter would suits most mugs.

Coaster PCB Shape and Size

Next, the PNG file contents were copied and pasted into Altium Designer. The imported image is represented by various regions which can be moved as needed.

For the coffee cup, the top copper layer was adjusted using the Properties dialogue box.

Manual Solder Mask Expansion Setting in Altium

To ensure a minimum distance between the solder mask and the copper layer, the solder mask expansion of the copper region was manually reduced to zero using the Properties dialog.

The steam seen above the coffee image was changed to a top-layer silk screen using the same Properties dialog in Altium.

Coffee Cup Coaster in Altium 2D

PCB Export

To prepare the PCB artwork for manufacturing, the file format (Gerber) needs to meet the requirements of the selected PCB supplier. The format may vary depending on the manufacturer and is usually listed on their website. In this post, the JLCPCB supplier was utilised to manufacture the PCB.

Manufacturing

The final appearance and cost of the coaster can vary greatly based on various factors. These factors include the thickness of the circuit board material, surface finish, solder mask and silkscreen colour.
In this post, the board thickness was maintained at 1.6 mm, the surface finish was lead-free HASL (Hot Air Solder Levelled), the solder mask was changed to black on the top side only and the silk screen was kept as white.

Coffee Cup Coaster in Altium 3D

Final Product

Pictured below is an image of the board as supplied by the manufacturer.

Coffee Cup Coaster on the Bench

Due to lighting the contract between the silver surface and the white silkscreen is not captured. To increase the longevity of the coaster, a clear epoxy or a hard-wearing lacquer could be applied. This will prevent the HASL coating from becoming tarnished over time.

Coaster in Use